WAYS OF FORMING THE FEMININE OF NOUNS

There are three ways of forming the Feminine of nouns:

(1) By using an entirely different word; as

Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine
Bachelor	{Maid (old use) Spinster	Hart Horse	Roe mare
Boy	Girl	Husband	Wife
Brother	Sister	King	Queen
Buck	Doe	Lord	Lady
Bull (or ox)	Cow	Man	Woman
Bullock	Heifer	Monk (or friar)	Nun
Cock	Hen	Nephew	Niece
Colt	Filly	Papa	Mamma(old use)
Daddy	Mummy	Ram	Ewe
Dog	Bitch	Sir	Madam
Drake	Duck	Son	Daughter
Eari	Countess	Stag	Hind
Father	Mother	Uncle	Aunt
Gander	Goose	Wizard	Witch
Gentleman	lady

(1)    By adding a syllable (- ess, -ine, -trix, -a, etc) as,

THE NOUN: GENDER

THE NOUN: GENDER

 You know that living beings are of either the male or the female sex. Now compare the words in the following pairs:

{Boy, Girl

{Lion, Lioness

{Hero, Heroine

{Cock –sparrow, Hen – sparrow

What do you notice?

The first word of each pair is the name of a male animal.

The second word of each pair is the name of a female animal

A noun that denotes a male animal is said to be of theMasculine Gender. [Gender comes from Latin genus, kind or sort.]

A noun that denotes a fenale animal is said to be the Feminine Gender.

A noun that denotes either a male or a female is said to be the Common Gender; as

Parent, child, friend, pupil, servant, thief, relation, enemy, cousin,

Person, orphan, student, baby, monarch, neighbour, infant.

A noun that denotes a thing that is neither male nor female (i.e, thing without life) is said to be of the Neuter Gender; as,

Book, pen room, tree,

[Neuter means neither, that is neither male nor female)

EXERCISE IN COMPOSITION 4

EXERCISE IN COMPOSITION 4

Write the Collective nouns used to describe a number of

(1)    Cattle; (2) Soldiers; (3) Sailor.

Write the qualities that belong to boys who are

(1)    Lazy; (2) Cruel; (3) Brave; (4) Foolish.

EXERCISE IN COMPOSITION 5

Form Abstract Nouns from the following Adjectives;

Long,	Strong	Wide,	Broad,	High,
Young,	True,	Wise,	Free,	Poor,
Humble,	Short	Good,	Proud,	Just,
Decent,	Prudent,	Vacant,	Brave,	Vain,
Cruel,	Dark,	Sweet,	Novel,	Sane,
Bitter ,	Deep,	Human,	Quick,	Ignorant,

Form Abstract Nouns from the following Verbs:

Laugh,	Believe,	Choose,	Defend,	Free,
Obey,	Serve,	Move,	Think,	See,
Live,	Hate,	Conceal ,	Protect,	Judge,
Expect,	Please,	Seize,	Advise,	Pursue,
Excel,	Act,	Flatter,	Punish,	Relieve,
Know,	Starve,	Depart,	Die,	Converse,
Steal,	Occupy,	Persevere,	Succeed,	Discover.

Form abstract Nouns from the following Common Nouns:

King,	Infant,	Mother,	Priest,	Friend
Man,	Owner,	Agent,	Boy	Captain,
Thief,	Rogue,	Hero,	Bond,	Rascal,
Woman,	Regent,	Beggar,	Pirate,	Patriot,
Bankrupt,	Author,	Coward,	Pilgrim,	Glutton.

EXERCISE IN GRAMMAR 3

Point out the Nouns in the following sentences, and say whether there are Common, proper, Collective or Abstract:-

1.The crowd was very big.

2.Always speak the truth.

3. We all love honesty.

4.Our class consists of twenty pupils.

5. The elephant has great  has great strength .

6. Solomon was famous for his wisdom.

7.Cleanliness is next to godliness.

8. We saw a fleet of ships in the harbour.

9. The class  is studying grammar.

10. The Godavari overflows its banks every year.

11. a committee of live was appointed.

12. Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of Inida.

13. the soldiers were rewarded for their bravery.

14. Without health there is no happiness.

15. He gave me a bunch of grapes.

16. I recognized your voice at once.

17. Our team is better than theirs.

18. Never tell a lie.

19.Wisdom  is better than strength.

20. He sets a  high value on his time.

21. I believe in his innocence.

22. This room is thirty feet in length.

23. I often think of the happy days of childhood.

24. The streets of some of our cities are noted for their crookedness.

25. What is your verdict, gentlemen of the jury?

THE NOUN: KINDS OF NOUNS

THE NOUN: KINDS OF NOUNS

19.  Noun is word used as the name of person, place or thing.

Note:- The word thing is used to mean anything that we can think of.

20. Look at the following sentence.

  The noun Asoka refers to a  particulars king, but the noun king might be applied to any other king as well as to Asoka. We call Asoka a Proper Noun, and king a Common Noun.

 Similarly:

    Sita is a Proper noun, while girl is a Common Noun.

   Hari is a  Proper Noun, while boy is a Common Noun.

   Kolkata is a Proper Noun, while city is a Common Noun.

   India is a Proper Noun, while country is a Common Noun.

 The word girl is a common Noun, because it is a name common to all girls, while Sita is a proper Noun because it is the name of a particular girl.

 Def.­­­- A Common Noun is a name given in common to every peron or thing of the same class or kind.

[ Common here means shared by all.]

Def.-A Proper Noun is the name of some particular person or place.

[Proper means one’s own. Hence a Proper Name is a person’s own name.]

Note: 1- Proper Nouns are always written with a capital letter at the beginning.

Note 2 – Proper nouns are sometimes used as Common Nouns; as,

1.       He was the Lukman (= the wisest man) of his age.

2.       Kalidas is ofter called the Shakespeare (= the greatest dramatist) of India.

EXERCISE IN GRAMMAR 2

EXERCISE IN GRAMMER 2

 Name  the part of speech of   each italicized word in the following sentence, giving in each case your reason for the classification.

1       Still waters run deep.

2       He still lives in that house.

3    After the storm comes the calm.

4    The after effects of the drug are bad.

5     The up train is late.

6 It weights about a pound.

7     He told us all about the battle.

8      He was only a yard off me.

9      Suddenly one of the wheels came off.

1 Muslims fast in the month of Ramazan.

.   He kept the fast for a week.

1   He is on the committee.

1  Let us move on.

1 I will watch while you sleep.

1They while away their evenings with books and games.

PARTS OF SPEECH

PARTS OF SPEECH

8.Words are divided into different kinds or classes, called Parts of Speech.According to their use ; that is, according to the work they do in a sentence . The parts of speech are eight in number:

1. Noun. 2.Adjective. 3. Pronoun. 4. Verb. 5. Adverb. 6.Preposition 7.Cconjunction.8. Interjection.

9. A Noun is a word used as the name of a person, place, or thing; as,

Akbar was a great King.

Kolkata is on the banks of the river Hooghly.

The rose smells sweet.

The sun shines bright.

His courage won him honour.

Note- The word thing includes (i) all objects that we can see, hear, taste, touch, or smell; and (ii) Something that we can think of, but cannot perceive by the senses.

10. An Adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of noun; as,

He is brave boy.

There are twenty boys in this class.

11. A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun; as,

John is absent, because he is ill.

The books are where you left them.

12.AVerb is a word used to express an action or state; as

The girl wrote a letter to her cousin.

Kolkata is a big city.

THE PHRASE AND THE CLAUSE

THE PHRASE AND THE CLAUSE

6. Examine the group of words “in a corner”. It makes sense, but not complete sense. Such a group of words, which makes sense, but not complete sense, is called a Phrase.

 In the following sentences, the groups of words in italics are Phrases:

  The sun rises in the east.

Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall.

There came a giant to my door.

It was a sunset of great beauty.

The tops of the mountains were covered with snow.

Show me how to do it.

7. Examine the groups of words in italics in the following sentences:

He has a chain of gold.

He has a chain which is made of gold.

We recognize the first group of words a Phrase.

The second group of words, unlike the Phrase of gold, contains a Subject (which) and a Predicate( is made of gold).

Such a group of words which from part of a sentence, and contains a Subject and a Predicate is called a Clause.

 In the following sentences, the groups of words in italics are Clauses:

 People who pay their debts are trusted.

We cannot start while it is raining.

I think that you have made a mistake.

EXERCISE IN GRAMMAR-1

EXERCISE IN GRAMMAR-1

  In the following  sentences separate the Subject and the Predicate:

1. The cackling of geese saved Rome.

2.The boy stood on the burning  deck.

3. Tubai Cainwas a man of might.

4. Stone walls do not make a prison.

5. The singing of the birds delights us.

6.Miss Kitty was rude at the table one day.

7. He has a good memory.

8. Bad habits grow unconsciously.

9. The earth revolves round the sun.

10. Nature is the best physician.

11.Edison invented the photography.

12. The sea hath many thousand sands.

13. We cannot pump the ocean dry.

14. We cannot garments never fit well.

15. the early bird catches the worm.

16. All matter is indestructible.

17. Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan.

18.We should profit by experience .

19. All roads lead to Rome.

20. A guilty conscience needs no excuse.

21. The beautiful rainbow soon faded away.

22. No man can serve two masters.

23. A sick room should be well aired.

24. The dewdrops glitter in the sunshine.

25. I shot an arrow into the air.

26. A barking sound the shepherd hears.

27.On the top of the hill lives a hermit.

SUBJECT AND PREDICATE

SUBJECT AND PREDICATE

CHAPTER 2

3. When we make a sentence

(1) we name some person or thing; and

(2) We name something about that person or thing.

 In other words, we must have as subject to speak about and we must say or predicate something about that subject.

Hence every sentence has two parts-

(1) The part which names the person or thing we are speaking about .this is called the Subject of the sentence.

(2) The   part which tells something about the Subject.

This is called the Predicate of the sentence.

4. The Subject  of a sentence usually comes first, but occasionally it is put after the Predicate; as,

 Here comes the bus.

Sweet are the uses of adversity.

5. In Imperative sentences the Subject is left out; as,

Sit down. [Here the Subject You is understood].

Thank him. [Here too the Subject You is understood.]

THE SENTENCE

THE SENTENCE

CHAPTER 1

1. When we speak or write we use words. We generally use these words in groups; as, Little Jack Horner sat in a corner.

A group of words like this, which makes complete sense, is called a Sentence.

Kinds of Sentences

2. Sentences are of four kinds:

(1) Those which make statements or assertions; as,

 (2) Those which as questions; as

Where do you live?

(3) Those which express commands, requests, or entreaties; as,

Be quiet.

Have mercy upon us.

(4) Those which express strong feelings; as,

How could the nights !

 A sentence that makes a statement or assertion is called a Declarative or Assertive  sentence.

A sentence that asks question is called an Interrogative sentence.

A sentence that expresses a command or an entreaty is called an Imperative sentence.

A sentence that expresses strong feeling is called an Exclamatory sentence.